1. Names
   Newspaper
2. Knowledge
   Knotted

Phonetic spelling is the representation of words, sounds and other parts of speech using a set of distinct symbols.

1. Goat
   Galvanized
2. Grieving
   Governor

In 1886, the International Phonetics Association was created by a group of French and English teachers, led by French linguist Paul Passy.

1. Freedom
   French
2. Friends
   Frogs

This organization serves as the foundation for the International Phonetics Alphabet, which was later created in 1888.

1. Military
   Master
2. Mammals
   Minister

The idea for the International Phonetics Alphabet was proposed in a letter by Danish linguist, Otto Jespersen, to Paul Passy.%0DIt was later created through the collective efforts of Passy, Daniel Jones, Alexander John Ellis and Henry Sweet.

1. Students
   Study
2. Synonym
   Senses

It was later created through the collective efforts of Paul Passy, Daniel Jones, Alexander John Ellis and Henry Sweet.

1. Order
   Oceans
2. Opposites
   Owls

In 1887, the first draft of the standardized alphabet for English, French and German was published.

1. Mice
   Minimum
2. Meaning
   Memorial

By September of 1888, a set of six guidelines were created by the International Phonetics Association, which would later govern all future developments of the IPA.

1. Dreadful
   Drawing
2. Dragon
   Drive

The International Phonetic Alphabet, also known as the IPA, is a standardized method of phonetic transcription.

1. Spring
   Ceremony
2. Classify
   Community

It was designed to represent the sounds of a spoken language such as phones, phenomes, syllables, speech pathologies and intonation.

1. Minced
   Monkey
2. Matrimony
   Material

It is commonly used by English teachers and those learning English as a foreign language.

1. Sport
   Spike
2. Speak
   Spider

It is also used by singers, actors, lexicographers, linguists, speech pathologists and translators.

1. Homes
   Holiday
2. Honey
   Hold

Many of the symbols used in the IPA were taken from Henry Sweet's Revised Romic Alphabet.

1. Property
   Proper
2. Professional
   Produce

The International Phonetic Alphabet has undergone a number of adjustments, with the most recent change taking place in May 2005.

1. Note
   Names
2. Next
   Numbers

Other major revisions took place in 1900 and 1932, a time when the importance of phonetics wasn't as great as it is today.

1. Independence
   Information
2. Insects
   Italian

The IPA remained the same until the International Phonetic Association Kiel Convention, which was held in 1989 in Kiel, Germany.

1. Turkey
   Travel
2. Tree
   Teeth

Another minor revision took place in 1993, which included the inclusion of four letters and the removal of other letters, which were used to symbolize voiceless implosives.

1. Letter
   Language
2. Ladybugs
   Leaves

Before any changes to the IPA can be approved, a proposal has to be made in the Journal of the IPA.

1. Holidays
   Happiness
2. Halloween
   Hamburger

Shortly after the proposal is submitted, reactions to the proposal are submitted in the current or following issues of the Journal.

1. Beach
   Baseball
2. Balloon
   Bats

Later, a formal proposal is brought forward to the Council of the IPA, where further discussion and a formal vote will take place.

1. Scarecrow
   Snake
2. Season
   Senses

After each revision, a simplified chart is provided by the association, which outlines the details of the updated alphabet.

1. Camera
   Calendar
2. Camping
   Canada

Over 160 symbols are used in the IPA, with only a small amount being used to transcribe any given language.

1. Rodeo
   Robot
2. Rocks
   Rocket

Of the symbols used in the IPA, 107 are letters and 31 are diacritics, which are used to modify these letters.

1. Monument
   Monogamous
2. Mountain
   Moon

An additional 19 symbols are used to indicate the suprasegmental qualities of words such as length, intonation, tone and stress.

1. Thanksgiving
   Television
2. Telephone
   Transportation

The IPA symbols consist of one or more elements of letters and diacritics.

1. Laborer
   Lawyer
2. Liar
   Letter

Other symbols, such as the slash, are used to indicate a broad or phonemic transcription.

1. Colors
   Chickens
2. Calendar
   Cactus

In 1991, the Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet (Ext-IPA) was introduced.

1. Pirate
   Plants
2. Prison
   Penguin

The symbols of the Ext-IPA were created to transcribe sounds found only in speech pathologies such as lisps and those of people with a cleft palate.

1. Symbols
   String
2. Spiders
   Spellling

It is also used to transcribe sounds found in normal speech patterns such gnashing, hushing and smacking lips.

1. Fall
   Flower
2. Family
   Favorite

Voice Quality Symbols, such as whispering, are not included in the Ext-IPA.

1. Paint
   Pumpkin
2. Pig
   Panda

Ever since its creation, the Ext-IPA has been modified twice – first in 1997, and then in 2016.

1. Geography
   Giraffe
2. Gopher
   Guitar

Most of the letters used in the IPA are meant to harmonize with the Latin alphabet. As such, they are either Latin, Greek or a modification of the two.

1. Teeth
   Travel
2. Table
   Tools

Some letters are neither Greek nor Latin. One such example includes the glottal stop ⟨ʔ⟩ which resembles a dotless question mark.The influence of other writing systems could be seen in the IPA. This includes the pharyngeal fricative, which was inspired by the Arabic letter ‘ain ⟨‏ﻉ⟩‎‎.

1. Telephone
   Transportation
2. Teeth
   Thanksgiving

Some of the new letters introduced were simply ordinary Latin letters rotated at 180 degrees.

1. Rain
   Rabbit
2. Reindeer
   Robot

The general rule for the IPA is to use a letter to correspond with each distinct sound.

1. Holiday
   Human
2. Hammer
   Happiness

In order to make it accessible for other languages, the meaning of the symbols was allowed to vary between languages.

1. Ear
   Energy
2. Egg
   Elf

The letters of the IPA are organized into three categories – pulmonic consonants, non-pulmonic consonants and vowels.

1. Sponge
   Spider
2. Sports
   Spring

A pulmonic consonant is one that is made by blocking the space between the vocal cords (glottis) or the mouth and either simultaneously or subsequently letting air out of the lungs.

1. Milk
   Moon
2. Music
   Money

As defined by the IPA, non-pulmonic consonants are sounds created without airflow from the lungs. These include implosives, ejectives, and clicks.

1. School
   Senses
2. Sleep
   Symbol

Vowels are defined by the IPA as sounds which occur at the center of a syllable.

1. Story
   School
2. Spider
   Smooth

Due to the similarity between certain characters, a number is assigned to each character to prevent confusion.

1. Portuguese
   Produce
2. Pizza
   Pumpkin

Two main types of brackets are used to start off IPA transcriptions. These are square brackets and slashes.

1. Leaf
   Ladder
2. Labor
   Lather

Other uncommon types of IPA transcriptions include double slashes, double brackets, angle brackets, braces, parentheses and double parentheses.

1. Dolphins
   Juice
2. Jobs
   Judge

In IPA, diacritics may be doubled to demonstrate an extra degree of stress of a letter.

1. Duckling
   Dragon
2. Delicate
   Dinosaur

There is also a handwritten form of IPA letters which is used in manuscripts and when taking field notes.

1. Honey
   Horses
2. Hebrew
   Happy

The IPA is frequently used in many British dictionaries such as the Oxford English Dictionary.

1. Sharks
   Shapes
2. Ship
   Sewing

Aside from the IPA, there is another type of phonetic spelling called pronunciation respelling.

1. Symbols
   Symphony
2. Symmetry
   Swedish

This system involves the respelling of words which already have a standard spelling, so as to convey its pronunciation.

1. Rust
   Rocks
2. Rodeo
   Rabbit

Many of the symbols used in the IPA were taken from Henry Sweet's Revised Romic Alphabet.

1. Body
   Birthday
2. Bedtime
   Behind

It is also used to represent the pronunciation of foreign languages, words with a non-standard spelling, dialect or idiolect.

1. Reindeer
   Rainbow
2. Repulsive
   Responsible

It is used in literacy, where words are deliberately misspelled in order to create a humorous effect.